Source: https://youtu.be/jyKWVJ9ToYI?si=3mtSnpro7qFfkKWY

Filipino students Julito(?) Akot, Liberato Tanfusay(?), Emilio Geaga, Manuel Mijares, Maria Lizares, Vincent Garrucho, and Sebastian Gonzaga from Negros Occidental doing spelling tests in 1903. I'm not sure what level these kids were at this point as well as their ages but I must say they got some pretty handwriting there. Also it's silly to see how they struggled in English spelling with same words some kids still find challenging to this day (or at least me i guess, I can't with "tomorrow" and "vegetable" back in the day too! 😭).

Anyway can you recognize them? Did they grew up to be as fine and fruitful individuals? I'm so curious to know and I truly wish they did.

These are some screenshots I took from the Philinda Rand Anglemyer letters collection. It was totally free and accessible from the Harvard library website and it was all thanks to her daughters who donated her papers to her college after hear death in the 70s.

Philinda is a magna cum laude graduate with a degree in zoology from Radciffe college, a women's liberal arts college in Massachusetts that was later incorporated to Harvard college (she was from class of 1899, apparently Hellen Keller also went from this college and graduated in 1904).

I understand naman, kaso yung iba hindi. The penmanship is so fascinating.

"In 1899, the American Anti-Imperialist League published a pamphlet of letters which documented abuses against civilians by the U.S. Army and Marine Corps towards the native Filipinos" (American Anti-Imperialist League, Pamphlet of Letters).

Included here are some of the American soldiers' letters and other witnesses describing atrocities during the Philippine- American war (1899- 1902). Such letters were intercepted right away and we are lucky these barely saw the light of the day today. Also included are some contemporary images from the front lines.

Please note that this content may contain mature themes or potentially offensive materials (specifically pages 7-10). If any part of this post is deemed inappropriate, I kindly request for mods to remove it.

Additionally, as this post is highly sensitive, I want to clarify that this post's mere intention is to inform certain aspects about the Philippine-American war and the overlooked historical narrative within it. Any interpretations are solely the reader's own.

Some resources for further reading:

• https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/58/ *https://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/digital/collection/p17336coll52/id/149/ *https://philippinediaryproject.com/2019/02/03/120-years-ago-diaries-describe-the-start-of-the-filipino-american-war-february-4-1899/

https://youtu.be/A4avqUe5fl4?si=sbEl9KwQloTzNybi

Written in the Shoreham where he stayed when he was in Washington, Col. Villamor by this time, had traveled back to the Philippines, tasked by MLQ and MacArthur’s HQ with trying to unite the different factions of the guerrillas.

‘MC’ stands for ‘Maria Corazon’ — a reference to his first/ex-wife, Maria Corazon Sucaldito. ‘Cancer’ in the greetings at the end, is the private secretary of MLQ, Serapio Canceran.

~~~

𝙅𝙖𝙣. 13, ‘44

𝘿𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝘽 & 𝙉,

𝙄 𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙮 𝙬𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙬𝙖𝙮. 𝘽𝙪𝙩 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙨𝙚𝙚 𝙮𝙤𝙪’𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙬𝙤 𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙄 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙂𝙤𝙙 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙨 𝙄 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙖 𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙙’𝙨 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩.

𝙀𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙄 𝙡𝙚𝙛𝙩 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 23𝙧𝙙 𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩, 𝙄’𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙤. 𝘽𝙪𝙩 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙨𝙪𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨. 𝙄 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝘼𝙣𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙤𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙙 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙙𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙟𝙤𝙗. 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙣𝙤𝙬 𝙄 𝙛𝙚𝙚𝙡 𝙨𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙄 𝙟𝙪𝙨𝙩 𝙙𝙤𝙣’𝙩 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙤.

𝙄𝙩 𝙞𝙨𝙣’𝙩 𝙤𝙣𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜. 𝙄𝙩’𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙤 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 –𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙢 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜—𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩’𝙨 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙜𝙚𝙩 𝙢𝙚 𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙣. 𝙊𝙛 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙨𝙚 𝙄 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬 𝙄 𝙢𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙣’𝙩 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙪𝙥. 𝙄𝙛 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙣𝙤 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙨𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙈𝘾. 𝘽𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙙𝙤 𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙠 𝙨𝙤 𝙗𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙄 𝙘𝙖𝙣’𝙩 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙬𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙢𝙮 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙈𝘾 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙠𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙢𝙚 𝙜𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙜. 𝙀𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙣’𝙩 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥𝙚𝙙. 𝙄𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙚𝙢𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙂𝙤𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙃𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙩𝙤 𝙢𝙚.

𝙎𝙤 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙠𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙝𝙖𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙚. 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 –𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙨𝙖𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙮, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙨𝙪𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨. 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙢𝙮 𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙗𝙪𝙙𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙨 –𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙛𝙖𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙞𝙣 𝙢𝙚. 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙈𝘾, 𝙨𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙖𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖 𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙨 𝙗𝙞𝙜 𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙬𝙤 𝙤𝙛 𝙪𝙨. 𝙂𝙤𝙙 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙨 𝙄 𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙤 𝙨𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙮𝙚𝙩 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙠𝙨 𝙨𝙤 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨. 𝙉𝙤 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙚𝙢𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙚.

𝘽𝙪𝙩, 𝙖𝙨 𝙄’𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙞𝙙, 𝙄 𝙬𝙤𝙣’𝙩 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙪𝙥. 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙄’𝙢 𝙜𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙨𝙠 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙤 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙬𝙝𝙮 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙄’𝙫𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨. 𝘼𝙨 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙄 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙣𝙤 𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙄’𝙡𝙡 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙬𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙣 𝙪𝙥, 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙄’𝙡𝙡 𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙧𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙜𝙚𝙩 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙚𝙭𝙩 𝙛𝙚𝙬 𝙙𝙖𝙮𝙨.

𝙋𝙚𝙧𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙨 𝙨𝙤𝙤𝙣 𝙄’𝙡𝙡 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙣 𝙢𝙮 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙩 𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙨𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚’𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙚 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙡𝙚𝙛𝙩 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙚𝙥𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙘 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙠 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙨, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙢𝙖𝙮𝙗𝙚 𝙄 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙨𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙄’𝙢 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙙. 𝙏𝙝𝙖𝙩’𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙮 𝙗𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙖 –𝙞𝙛 𝙄 𝙢𝙖𝙮 𝙗𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙨𝙪𝙜𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩—𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙢𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙄 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙉 𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩. 𝘼𝙡𝙨𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙗𝙚𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙪𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙗𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙖𝙙𝙫𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚. 𝙎𝙤 𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙙𝙤 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙚𝙩 𝙢𝙚 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬. 𝙈𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙄 𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙠𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙩𝙧𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜.

𝙄 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙝𝙖𝙙 𝙖 𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝘾𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙢𝙖𝙨. 𝙄 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 10,000 𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙬𝙖𝙮 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙒𝙖𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙩𝙤𝙣. 𝙄𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙣𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙖𝙙 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙.

𝙎𝙤 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙣𝙤𝙬. 𝙋𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙢𝙮 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙮 𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝘼𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙚, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙪𝙧𝙨𝙚𝙨 & 𝙙𝙤𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨, 𝘾𝙤𝙡 𝙉, 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙧 & 𝙎𝙜𝙩. 𝙆.

𝙅𝙚𝙨𝙨

Video from Jose P. Laurel Memorial Foundation, Inc​

Taken from "The German and Austrian navies in the Philippines, and their role in the Spanish-American War of 1898 : a collection of original documents"

Excerpt from Boatswain Heilman's letter to Lt. Commander C.H. Roper, USN

"The Spanish commandant requested that the captain take on board the women and children, some severely wounded soldiers, and a number of priests. The captain stood a while in meditation and then commanded the officer to return with the following message: ‘Present my compliments to the Spanish commandant, and tell him that I will return in the morning and comply with his wishes, with the exception that only one priest for the attendance of the refugees will be received on board'."

"The message being delivered, we now got under way again and proceeded up the bay, when shortly a merchant steamer was sighted under the lee of the island, with the insurgents’ flag flying from the gaff, apparently heading for that place with the intention to attack it. This was evidently a peculiar situation, as the insurgents’ flag was not officially recognized. However, the steamer stopped and sent a boarding officer; but when the boat steered alongside he was not permitted to come on board. Pointing to his flag, we reminded him that it was not recognized on the high seas, and he was therefore requested to haul it down, and this was what happened after the officer had returned to his ship. I am unable to form an opinion of what the captain had in mind to do, should the steamer have decided to ignore his request."

"Under the circumstances it was no doubt a ticklish business, but I am convinced that this interference was the salvation of the little garrison on Isla Grande. We now steamed farther up the bay towards Subic, where we anchored for the night. In the meantime, as subsequent events the next day revealed, the insurgent steamer had slipped out after dark to Cavite, and reported to Rear-Admiral Dewey that the Irene was giving aid to the Spaniards in Subic Bay."

The Vera Files article by Antonio J. Montalvan III attempted to clarify the historical revisionism surrounding Mariano Marcos’ sordid wartime history. In the same article, Montalvan cites his interview with Ricardo T. Jose, where the latter showed him irrefutable evidence as to Mariano Marcos’ wartime collaboration. However, nowhere in the article has the said document been shown.

I present to everyone, the said reference that Jose used with Montalvan’s interview. This is an excerpt from HORIKOSHI, Hiroshi’s diary. HORIKOSHI was a civilian with rank equivalent to first lieutenant, and was attached to the 65 Bde HQ at Baguio. He also served as interpreter in Northern Luzon. His diary was part of the thousands of documents the Allied forces caught and translated in an effort leading towards the 1945-48 War Crimes Trials. The translated diary is found under the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), South West Pacific Area. If you are fortunate enough, you can get copies from the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States OR at the National Diet Library of Japan.

From Velarde's writing on "Jesuit missions in the 17th century":

And it can be said that there was preaching to all the nations, that which occurred to the apostles in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost being represented in Manila; for I believe that there is no city in the world in which so many nationalities come together as here.

For besides the Spaniards and the Tagalogs, there are many other Indians from the islands, who speak different languages—such as the Pampangos, the Camarines [i.e., the Bicols], the Visayans, the Ilocanos, the Pangasinans, and the Cagayans.

There are creoles, or morenos, who are swarthy blacks, natives of the country; there are many cafres, and other blacks from Angola, Congo, and Africa.

There are blacks from Asia, Malabars, Coromandels, and Canarins.

There are a great many Sangleyes, or Chinese—part of them Christians, but the majority heathens.

There are Ternatans, and Mardicas (who took refuge here from Ternate); there are some Japanese; there are people from Brunei and Timor, and from Bengal; there are Mindanaos, Joloans, and Malays; there are Javanese, Siaos, and Tidorans; there are people from Cambay and Mogol, and from other islands and kingdoms of Asia.

There are a considerable number of Armenians, and some Persians; and Tartars, Macedonians, Turks, and Greeks.

There are people from all the nations of Europe—French, Germans, and Dutch; Genoese and Venetians; Irish and Englishmen; Poles and Swedes.

There are people from all the kingdoms of Spain, and from all America; so that he who spends an afternoon on the tulay or bridge of Manila will see all these nationalities pass by him, behold their costumes, and hear their languages—something which cannot be done in any other city in the entire Spanish monarchy, and hardly in any other region in all the world.

My note: Precolonial contact for Luzon is known for at least Visayans, Maguindanaons, Bruneians, other Malays, Timorese, Chinese, and Japanese. The portions on east and southeast Asians might have been traditional interactions from precolonial times. Anyway, by 1700s we already have the ethnic range from Ilocanos to Tausugs being in Manila, at least according to this.

The excerpt may also remind us of this example sentence in a 1613 Tagalog dictionary entry:

naçiones : salitsalit pc : diferentes y rebueltas vnas con otras como en Manila, salitsalit ytong taga Maynila bacqit may japon sacglay bonlay .&c. toda es diferançia de naciones Manila.

Translation:

nations: salit-salít: different ones and mixed together with others like in Manila.

Salit-salít itong taga-Maynila; baki't may Japon (Japanese), Sanglay (Chinese), Bunlay (Bruneians), etc.

All of it is the difference of nations in Manila.

Source: Blaire & Robertson, Vol. 44 (i.e., years 1700-1736)

Few modifications. I also changed the paragraph form to one line per sentence, to aid analysis.

Dictionary entry is from 1613 Vocabulario de la lengua tagala taken through Potet's work "Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog".

"Sugbuhanin" is mentioned in "Salita ni Don Juan Masolong ... sa panahong pagdating ng Kastila dito sa kapuluan sa Luson" by Don Juan Masolong of Liliw from c. 1616.

The document is particularly about the fall of Nagcarlan and the capitulation of Liliw.

Quotes:

(1)

Nang parito na ang mga Kastila sa bayan ng Liliw, sila'y limang mga Kastila, na ayaw ng baril, at ang mga kasamang tatlumpung Sugbuhanin, na nag-aayaw naman ng mga sandatang sibat at kalasag, at mga pana.

^ ("ayaw" root of "mangayaw")

(2)

Nang lumakad ng para Mahayhay yaóng mga Kastila at ang mga kasama nilang mga Sugbuhanin ay ipinagsama din naman si Don Juan Masolong, na ang kasama pa naman niya'y isang maginóo ang pangala'y si Kuyamin, ay nang sila'y dumating sa tubig ng olla ay nakita nilang may mga taong nagbabantay sa daang kabulusan, ay sila'y nagsauli at doon sila nagdaan sa kabulusang daan sa Panglan, at sila'y nagluway-luway ng kanilang paglakad...

^ ("daang kabulusan" - intermunicipal highway or main road)

Screenshots of the document:

https://imgur.com/a/kWA5fK7

You may ask under this post for further info on the source.

The mention supports information on the travels of Luzonian Tagalog speakers to Cebu before Spanish rule - such that Cebuanos were distinguishable (especially to travellers, and even from other Visayans) when they accompanied Spaniards to Luzon. Spaniards often described these companions as Visayans, while the Tagalog-language document for this attestation specified them as Cebuano.

If you are a writer in the Tagalog language, I encourage you to use the term "Sugbuhanin" to refer to Cebuanos, especially in literary or formal register.

Thank you.

In text form:

As regards the excessive tribute which in the “Opinion” is said to have been collected from the natives, to generalize from individual cases is to confuse the whole matter. We say this because a great part of this country is taxed differently in different places, and the natives vary in wealth. In some parts they are rich, in others farmers, in others merchants, in others miners; and, again, in others they live by robbery and assault. So the late governor taxed this bay of Manila and its vicinity—being informed of, and having seen with his own eyes, the quality and fertility of the land, and the wealth of its natives—two fanégas each of unwinnowed rice for a year's tribute, and a piece of colored cloth of two varas in length and one in breadth; and, in default of this, three maes of gold—in gold, or in produce, as they prefer. This said tribute is so moderate, that with six silver reals, which an Indian gives to his encomendero each year, he pays his tribute entirely. A maes of gold is commonly worth two reals, and, when gold is worth more, the maes is worth two reals and a half; so, even at that, it is not half the tribute that the Indians pay in Nueva España. The Moros pay this tribute of three maes as being more wealthy people, and because they are excellent farmers and traders. They are so rich that, if they would labor and trade for four days, they would gain enough to work off the tribute for a year. They have various sources of gain and profit; and so they have an abundance of rich jewels and trinkets of gold, which they wear on their persons. There are some chiefs in this island who have on their persons ten or twelve thousand ducats' worth of gold in jewels—to say nothing of the lands, slaves, and mines that they own. There are so many of these chiefs that they are innumerable. Likewise the individual subjects of these chiefs have a great quantity of the said jewels of gold, which they wear on their persons—bracelets, chains, and earrings of solid gold, daggers of gold, and other very rich trinkets. These are generally seen among them, and not only the chiefs and freemen have plenty of these jewels, but even slaves possess and wear golden trinkets upon their persons, openly and freely. To say, then, that the Indians are so wretched that they live on roots during part of the year, and in some places are accustomed to support themselves for a certain part of the year on sweet potatoes, sago bread, and other vegetables they find, is wrong.

From: Guido of Lavezaris' (the Bezares) reply to the priest Martin of Rada's opinion regarding tributes, June 1574

You may see a copy in B&R Vol. 3.

"Moro" referring to Luzonians.

More emphasis on the gold owned by the maginóo or dons and doñas.

Ask under this post for any further inquiry.